The November 3 midterms handed Democrats full control of Congress, creating one of the most divided U.S. governments this decade - with Republicans still occupying the White House. But the real winner? Local zoning boards. Tuesday's results suggest that anger over data centers - those sprawling facilities housing the computers that power AI - has become a political force. With Democrats now running Congress, expect new limits on where data centers can be built and how much say local communities have.
Data centers were literally on the ballot in various states. An NBC exit poll revealed that more than half of respondents believe AI will do more harm than good, while almost 80% oppose building data centers in their neighborhoods. Nearly 60% said data centers were a crucial or major factor in their vote. Nadine Smith, president and CEO of the racial justice organization Color of Change, called Tuesday's election a referendum on "who this economy is built for." She added, "National security matters," referencing the common argument that data centers are essential for the U.S. to stay ahead in war and its rivalry with China. "And so do the families in South Memphis breathing exhaust from the gas turbines powering an AI supercomputer." (That would be xAI's data center in Memphis, Tennessee, which uses gas turbines for power.)
Voters in several states pushed back against the AI buildout, even as pro-AI super PACs spent millions trying to sway them. The anti-data center backlash was especially felt in Ohio, where OpenAI has eyed a $500 billion data center, backed by more than $100 billion in financing from Nvidia. In fact, the Ohio county where Meta had planned a 700,000-square-foot facility just passed a ban on data centers, and local communities across the state overwhelmingly voted against data center buildout measures.
Analysts at Morgan Stanley predict that Democratic governor-elect Amy Acton will also pose a major risk to Ohio's data center buildout. Elsewhere, candidates in Texas, Maine, Michigan, Nevada, Georgia, and South Carolina all won seats after taking a stance against the rapid buildout of data centers. "It is clear that money does not buy outcomes," said Anshi Bhatt, a tech and policy researcher, adding that in modern politics, creating a "local villain" is one way to build campaign momentum.
Likely next steps include more construction moratoriums or requiring data centers to pay for their own power grid upgrades instead of passing those costs on to nearby communities. Goldman Sachs predicts data center construction delays in states like Georgia and Texas because of Democratic gains.
Democratic control of Congress could also improve the odds for bills like the one Sen. Bernie Sanders and Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez introduced earlier this year - though any such bill would also face a possible veto. It proposes a nationwide moratorium on new data centers until Congress adds new guardrails and ensures that the buildout does not raise electricity costs, harm the environment, or proceed without community approval. There's also the GRID Savings Act, proposed by New Mexico Sen. Martin Heinrich, which would prevent grid infrastructure costs from being passed on to communities during large AI data center buildouts.
The environment is also a major concern, especially at xAI's data center in Memphis and at data centers throughout Virginia - known as the world capital of data centers - where gas turbines are used for power. Maia Woluchem, program director at Data & Society, a nonprofit research group, believes that changes to energy regulations, land rights, and other environmental policies could affect the data center buildout, especially as congressional Democrats look further into the Trump administration's rollback of certain energy protections, as the New York Times reported they might. "Regardless of federal action, I could imagine that we will see additional movement at the state and local level, given the momentum that's been building from the ground up," Woluchem continued, citing governor-elect Gina Hinojosa, who supports a statewide moratorium on data centers, as an example. Both Hinojosa and Gov. Greg Abbott called for some limits, but Hinojosa centered much of her campaign on opposing data centers - a notable choice in Texas, whose electrical grid has proved vulnerable over the past decade.
But the hard part is still to come. Smith, for example, is now expecting a fight, or even more executive orders, to bypass what Congress is now likely to block. "Even among Democrats, a blanket freeze is contested," she said, referring to some Democrats' worry that a moratorium could slow AI progress and hurt national security. She also expects AI lobbyists to start calling lawmakers. "Democrats ran on making Big Tech pay," Smith said. "Our job is to make sure they remember it once the cameras leave."
The backlash runs deeper than the buildings themselves, which aren't new. One private equity executive told me recently that people don't necessarily hate data centers, but rather AI, and that data centers have become a stand-in for people's fears and anxieties about the technology. "It does look like the results are pointing to a real frustration with tech power at minimum," Woluchem said, noting that this is also a bipartisan issue.
For the past month, people have told me they are worried about data centers' effect on the environment and about their lack of say in whether they're built. Amazon, for example, built a data center in Gilroy, California, without many residents knowing, by satisfying a 45-year-old zoning law. Vague or outdated zoning laws, along with requirements that local officials sign nondisclosure agreements (NDAs) barring them from discussing data center projects, have only fueled people's outrage about the buildout. Data centers have also received billions in tax breaks, and although many tech companies have touted the benefits, such as jobs and community programs, for many people, that simply wasn't enough.
People want to know they still have a say in what happens in their communities. Many also fear that AI buildouts will mainly enrich a few wealthy people while their communities suffer and living costs rise. "If AI infrastructure is truly a national priority, then the companies building it can afford to pay for their own power, meet clean air standards, disclose what they use, and build with the consent of the people who live next door," Smith said. "Families should never be subsidizing the richest corporations in history through their utility bills."